The Human Eye It is a natural optical instrument which is used to see the objects by human beings. It is like a camera which has lens and screen system.
(i) Retina: It is a light sensitive screen inside the eye on which image is formed. It contains rods and cones.
(ii) Cornea: It is a thin membrane which covers the eye ball. It acts like a lens which refracts the light entering the eye.
(iii) Aqueous humour: It is fluid which fills the space between cornea and eye lens.
(iv) Eye lens: It is a convex lens made of transparent and flexible jelly like material. Its curvature can be adjusted with the help of ciliary muscles.
(v) Pupil: It is a hole in the middle of iris through which light enters the eye. It appears black because light falling on it goes into the eye and does not come back.
(vi) Ciliary muscles: These are the muscles which are attached to eye lens and can modify the shape of eye lens which leads to the variation in focal lengths.
(vii)Iris: It controls the amount of light entering the eye by changing the size of pupil.
(viii) Optical nerve: These are the nerves which take the image to the brain in the form of electrical signals.
Accommodation power :
The ability of eye to change the focal length of eye lens with the help of ciliary muscles to get the clear view of nearby objects (about 25 cm) and far distant objects (at infinity).
Color blindness :
Some people do not possess some cone cells that respond to certain specific colours due to genetic disorder.
Myopia (Short sightedness) :
It is a kind of defect in human eye due to which a person can see near objects clearly but he cannot see the distant objects clearly. Myopia is due to
(i) Excessive curvature of cornea.
(ii) Elongation of eye ball.
Hypermetropia (Long sightedness) :
It is a kind of defect in human eye due to which a person can see distant objects properly but cannot see the nearby objects clearly. It happens due to
(i) Decrease in power of eye lens i.e., increase in focal length of eye lens.
(ii) Shortening of eye ball.
Presbyopia :
It is a kind of defect in human eye which occurs due to ageing. It happens due to
(i) Decrease in flexibility of eye lens.
(ii) Gradual weakening of ciliary muscles.
Astigmatism :
It is a kind of defect in human eye due to which a person cannot see (focus) simultaneously horizontal and vertical lines.
Cataract :
Due to the membrane growth over eye lens, the eye lens becomes hazy or even opaque. This leads to decrease or loss of vision.
The problem is called cataract. It can be corrected only by surgery.
Dispersion of white light by a glass prism :
The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its seven constituent colors when it passes through a glass prism is called dispersion of white light. The various colors seen are Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red. The sequences of colors remember as VIBGYOR.
The band of seven colors is called spectrum.
Composition of white light :
White light consists of seven colors i.e., violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange & red.Monochromatic light:
Light consisting of single color or wavelength is called monochromatic light,
e.g., sodium light
Polychromatic light :
Light consisting of more than two colors or wavelengths is called polychromatic light, e.g.
white light.
Recombination of white light :
Newton found that when an inverted prism is placed in the path of dispersed light then after passing through prism, they recombine to form white light.